

Biological and technical systems only function if many components are constrained to work together. Coded Information Systems (CISs) consist of linked tools and machines which refine outcomes to attain a specific goal. Four strategies to refine outcomes can be designed into a CIS: coded messages; pre-loaded resources; engineered constraints; and sensors. The model quantifies the effect of each discrete refining step in terms of the reduced entropy with respect to a preceding non-informational reference state. Any theory of the origin of life must account for the existence of CISs in all life forms.
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Creation Magazine
Issue 45:2
Journal of Creation
Issue 37:1